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Quantitative analysis

Quantitative analysis

Abundance of a sample's constituent parts

Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types: qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative analysis, the object is to establish the presence of a given element, compound, or phase in a sample. Similarly, qualitative organic or biochemical analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group, organic compound, or ligand in a sample. In contrast, quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element, compound, or some other component in a sample.

In X-ray fluorescence (XRF), an electron can be ejected from its atomic orbital by the absorption of X-rays (photons) from an X-ray tube. When an inner orbital electron is ejected (middle image), a higher energy electron transfers to fill the vacancy. During this transition, a characteristic photon may be emitted (right image) that is of a unique energy for each type of atom. The number of characteristic photons per unit time (counts per second or cps) is proportional to the amount of that element in a sample. Thus, qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis is achieved by determining the energy of X-ray peaks in a sample spectrum and measuring their associated count rates.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern includes information about peak positions and intensity. The peak positions are indicative of the crystal structure and symmetry of the contributing phase while peak intensities reflect the total scattering from each plane in the phase’s crystal structure, and are directly dependent on the distribution of particular atoms in the structure. Rietveld quantitative analysis is a powerful method for determining the quantities of crystalline and amorphous components in multiphase mixtures.

Application notes

The following application notes are relevant to this application

XRD

WDXRF

EDXRF

Rigaku recommends the following systems:


Thermal Analysis

TG-DTA is a hyphenated technology generally referred to as simultaneous thermal analysis (STA).

 

 

XRD

Advanced state-of-the-art high-resolution XRD system powered by Guidance expert system software

Highly versatile multipurpose X-ray diffractometer with built-in intelligent guidance

New 6th-generation general purpose benchtop XRD system for phase i.d and phase quantification

WDXRF

Benchtop tube below sequential WDXRF spectrometer analyzes O through U in solids, liquids and powders

High-power, tube-below, sequential WDXRF spectrometer with new ZSX Guidance expert system software

High power, tube above, sequential WDXRF spectrometer with new ZSX Guidance expert system software

Affordable, high-end, tube-above Industrial WDXRF for the analysis of solid samples

WDXRF spectrometer designed to handle very large and/or heavy samples

High-throughput tube-above multi-channel simultaneous WDXRF spectrometer analyzes Be through U

EDXRF

High-performance, Cartesian-geometry EDXRF elemental analyzers for measuringes Na to U in solids, liquids, powders and thin films

Variable collimator small spot 60 kV EDXRF system featuring QuantEZ software.

60 kV EDXRF system featuring QuantEZ software and optional standardless analysis

Low-cost EDXRF elemental analyzer measures Na to U in solids, liquids, powders and thin-films

Performance EDXRF elemental analyzer measures Na to U in solids, liquids, powders and thin-films

EDXRF spectrometer with powerful Windows® software and optional FP.

Process

Scanning multi-element process coatings analyzers for web or coil applications

EDXRF multi-element process analyzer; analyze aluminum (Al) through uranium (U)

Process sulfur analysis by X-ray transmission (X-ray absorption)