Rigaku makes X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrumentation for material characterization and element analysis at every stage of the exploration, production and distribution process, such as for sulfur analysis and other elements in crude oil and fuels. Rigaku instruments comply with the relevant measurement protocols, including ASTM D2622, D7220, D4294, and IP 532, as well as EN ISO 8754 & 20847. The Rigaku NEX XT process analyzer is used for on-line measurement of sulfur for pipeline, blending and upgrading, as well as bunker fuel blending for MARPOL compliance and additive packages for lubricating oils. Stringent positive material identification (PMI) programs can be supported by the Rigaku KT-100S laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyzer, recognized by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and Practice 578 (API RP 578), 3rd edition, which provides guidelines for quality assurance in the oil and gas industry.